Everything about San Gabriel Mission totally explained
The
Mission San Gabriel Arcángel is a fully functioning
Roman Catholic mission and a historic landmark in
San Gabriel, California. Site of the first hospital in Alta California, the settlement was founded by
Spaniards of the
Franciscan Order on "The Feast of the Birth of
Mary" (
September 8) in 1771. The Mission, often referred to as the "Godmother of the Pueblo of Los Angeles," was designed by Father
Antonio Cruzado (who hailed from
Córdoba, Spain, which accounts for the strong
Moorish influence).
Precontact
The current prevailing theory postulates that
Paleo-Indians entered the Americas from
Asia via a land bridge called "
Beringia" that connected eastern
Siberia with present-day
Alaska (when sea levels were significantly lower, due to widespread glaciation) between about 15,000 to 35,000 years ago. The remains of
Arlington Springs Man on
Santa Rosa Island are among the traces of a very early habitation in California, dated to the last
ice age (
Wisconsin glaciation) about 13,000 years ago. The first humans are therefore thought to have made their homes among the southern valleys of California's coastal mountain ranges some 10,000 to 12,000 years ago; the earliest of these people are known only from archaeological evidence. The cultural impacts resulting from climactic changes and other natural events during this broad expanse of time were negligible; conversely, European contact was a momentous event, which profoundly affected California's native peoples.
History
A, The mission was founded on September 8, 1771. The planned site for the Mission was along the banks of the
Río de los Temblores (the River of the Earthquakes — the
Santa Ana River). However, the priests chose an alternate site on a fertile plain located directly alongside the
Rio Hondo in the Whittier Narrows. The site of the
Misión Vieja (or "Old Mission") is located near the intersection of San Gabriel Boulevard and Lincoln Avenue in
Montebello, California (known to the natives as
Shevaanga). In 1776, a flash flood destroyed much of the crops and ruined the Mission complex, which was subsequently relocated five miles closer to the mountains in present-day San Gabriel (the native settlement of
'Iisanchanga). The Mission is the base from which the
pueblo that became the City of
Los Angeles, California was sent. On
December 8,
1812 (the "Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin") a series of massive
earthquakes shook Southern California. The 1812
Wrightwood Earthquake
caused the three-bell
campanario, located adjacent to the chapel's east façade, to collapse. A larger, six-bell structure was subsequently constructed at the far end of the
capilla. While no pictorial record exists to document what the original structure looked like, architectural historian
Rexford Newcomb deduced the design and published a depiction in his 1916 work
The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta California.
Legend has it that the founding expedition was confronted by a large group of native
Shoshone peoples whose intention was to drive the strangers away. One of the padres laid a painting of "Our Lady of Sorrows" on the ground for all to see, whereupon the natives (known to the settlers as the
Gabrieliños) immediately made peace with the missionaries, so moved were they by the painting's beauty. Today the 300-year-old piece hangs in the Mission's
reredos (
sanctuary). A large stone cross stands in the center of the
campo santo (
cemetery), first consecrated in 1778 and then again on
January 29,
1939 by Los Angeles Archbishop
John Cantwell. It serves as the final resting place for some 6,000 "neophytes;" a small stone marker denotes the gravesite of José de Los Santos, the last native to be buried on the grounds at the age of 101 in February, 1921. Also interred at the Mission are the bodies of numerous
Franciscan Fathers who died during their time of service, as well as the remains of Reverend Raymond Catalan, C.M.F., who undertook the restoration of the Mission's gardens. Entombed at the foot of the altar are the remains of eight Franciscan priests (listed in order of interment): Father Miguel Sánchez, Father Antonio Cruzado, Father
Francisco Dumetz, Father Roman Ulibarri, Father Joaquin P. Nuez, Father Gerónimo Boscana, Father José Bernardo Sánchez, and Father Blas Ordaz. Buried among the padres is centenarian
Eulalia Perez de Guillén Mariné, the "keeper of the keys" under Spanish rule; her grave is marked by a bench dedicated in her memory.
Well over 25,000
baptisms were conducted at San Gabriel between 1771 and 1834, making it the most prolific in the mission chain. In its heyday it furnished food and supplies to settlements and other missions throughout California. A majority of the Mission structures fell into ruins after it was
secularized in November 1834. The Mission's chapel functioned as a
parish church for the City of San Gabriel from 1862 until 1908, when the
Claretian Missionary Fathers came to San Gabriel and began the job of rebuilding and restoring the Mission. On
October 1,
1987 the
Whittier Narrows Earthquake further damaged the property. A significant portion of the original complex has since been restored.
Other historic designations
Mission industries
The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order.
Farming, therefore, was the most important
industry of any mission. Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to the masculine sex, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive. The result was the establishment of a great manual training school that comprised agriculture, the mechanical arts, and the raising and care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California.
Mission bells
Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing the mission bells.
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